This segment is part of The State of Science, a series featuring science stories from public radio stations across the United States. This story originally appeared on WWNO in New Orleans as part of the Louisiana Public Radio Partnership. You can learn more about severe repetitive loss at WWNO.

Around the country, hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to buy back individual homes from people who have flooded repeatedly. But buying out a whole neighborhood is uncommon. Louisiana’s 2016 flood seems to be changing that for two communities. In Pointe Coupee and Ascension Parishes, a buyout program first used in neighborhoods after Superstorm Sandy may offer a new option to homeowners who have lived with escalating risk for decades.

Flood & Repeat

The water sounds like a roar, like thunder. A cannon boom. All through the Pecan Acres subdivision of Pointe Coupee Parish, people were in bed—last year, early in the morning of Aug. 12—when the flood came. Including Ethel Stewart.

“Oh, it came, it was rushing about 4 o’clock,” Stewart says now. “They blew a horn for us to get out.”

Stewart’s house is right next to a drainage canal. For more than 46 years, she raised two kids on Pecan Drive; just since they’ve grown up, her neighborhood has flooded at least 17 times. So the horn, the waters: it’s a bit of a routine.

“We wasn’t worried about the sound, we was just trying to get out,” Stewart says. “They say get out, we got out.” She nods at the fortifications still sagging between her house and the nearby canal. “Those sandbags don’t even do no justice. The water comes right straight through it.”

Around the same time, at the other end of the street, 63-year-old Margaret Williams woke up to water rushing into her low, wood house.

“It scared me and scared my daughter too,” Williams says.

Flooding does, she says. Every time. This was one of the bad ones.

“Plenty of water. It was way up there. All the way up to the top, ’bout right long your neck,” Williams says, slapping her hand a little above our heads. “I got wet.”

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Williams’ 39-year-old daughter Kalisha DeRozan says the flood took the family’s new TV—and left behind some visitors.

“When all the water gets out of this house, you see little tiny fish frogs and little worms up in that house,” says DeRozan.

Tall grass shot up around houses for months while people were gone, as it will. It gave snakes a nest. So DeRozan says another sound lets you know when people return.

“Now when the snakes come, all you hear is shotguns back here,” she says.

The roar that begins it, the gunshots that end it: flood is an old ritual for these low-income black and elderly folks. Even so, as Ethel Stewart says, it’s changing.

I ask her, when you got here, did it flood like this? “No.”

It’s gotten worse? “Yes.”

What Resilience Means

Government’s approach to chronic flooding is changing, too. Officials in Point Coupee and Ascension Parishes are applying for federal grants to buy out dozens of homes in repeat flood areas. The state supports the effort, says Pat Forbes, with Louisiana’s Office of Community Development.

“Being more resilient and better able to absorb the shocks of future disasters, in some cases, means not rebuilding where we have built in the past,” says Forbes.

Pecan Acres has been called Flood City since the 1970s. It was built on low ground: a wetlands that was once a parish dumpsite. A little southeast of Baton Rouge, the town of Gonzales has a similar problem.

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“The Donut Hole of Ascension Parish—you know in the center of a fat glazed donut, where the glaze falls through? That’s Gonzales,” says the town’s engineer, Jackie Baumann. She rolls out a map to show me how water flows downslope into the parish from three places.

“This bayou down here, Bayou Boyle, that’s the root of most of the flooding problems,” Baumann says. “The bayou doesn’t know the city limit line.”

A solitary group of houses on Silverleaf Street is particularly vulnerable. It’s next to about 50 acres of city-owned swamp. Ascension Parish and Gonzales work together to pump water away from the houses. Still, the swamp and the street are low ground.

When the road floods, Silverleaf residents park in the church lot to keep their cars clear. The school bus can’t get through. Neither can the postman.

“It’s everyday activity that’s impacted,” says Baumann. “And it’s getting to be too much. We could sit here and try to rehash out why it happened. The truth is, they live there and it’s just an issue that must be fixed.”

Lose the House, But Keep the Neighbors?

Both communities are establishing buyout programs that would be funded by U.S. Department of Agriculture—Natural Resources Conservation Service grants. Potential participants fill out lengthy questionnaires to participate, the first in about 20 steps towards an eventual buyout.

This buyout fix is a big deal because it’s newly applied to housing, and unprecedented in the South. The federal grant program aims to return developed land to wetlands. It would rip out houses: sewers, water pipes, and electric lines, too.

“They’ve never actually taken the money and used it to buy a residential home until Sandy,” Baumann says.

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Under the grant’s terms, everyone next to the swamps has to agree for anyone to get the money. But no two situations are exactly the same, says Rob Freudenberg, vice president of energy and environmental programs for the Regional Plan Association, a think tank in New York. Even where flooding is getting worse, he says buyouts have a mixed appeal.

“They’re going to be most attractive to folks who don’t have that much to lose, can’t afford to rebuild, maybe are underwater in their mortgage,” says Freudenberg.

After Sandy, New York and New Jersey sweetened federal buyout offers with state support. Mark Riley from Louisiana’s Office of Community Development says when it comes to reducing flood risk, that’s money well spent.

“There’s been a tremendous shift in ideology on how we approach these things and how we spend the money, so looking at the community basis on this is a much smarter thing to do,” Riley says.

The federal grant would pay Gonzales and Pecan Acres the cash value of houses from before the flood. On top of that, Riley says the state could help with moving costs, new appliances, or even new land.

“The goal is to get them into a residence that is equivalent to what they’ve got today,” Riley says. “That’s what we’re hoping.”

After Superstorm Sandy, Rob Freudenberg says communities taking buyouts needed another kind of support: the psychological kind.

“I think the idea of requesting a buyout and then actually living through it are two different things,” Freudenberg says. “It’s a long process. It’s bureaucratic. And this tool is something new and a little scary to folks.”

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Not surprising, then, if people lose their houses, they often want to keep their neighbors. In Pecan Acres, homeowner Ethel Stewart says she’d like it if they all moved to a new development.

“Everyone knows each other,” she says.

Pecan Acres hasn’t yet decided its fate, but buyouts are attractive here for a few reasons. Most people have paid off their houses—or they’re close. And most people can’t afford flood insurance.

“Let us all come together so we can go as one and move another place instead of flooding out every year because we’re getting older,” Stewart says. “We’ll be better off. We won’t got to worry about worrying when the storms come.”

Mother Nature Doesn’t Have a Design Standard

Stewart’s logic is familiar to Jackie Baumann, the engineer down in Gonzales. Across South Louisiana, flood risk is already forcing people to relocate—just, piecemeal, and on their own. Baumann is from Plaquemines Parish. She goes back down there to visit, to fish. But like many of their neighbors, her family has moved away.

“It is a loss, but none of my—I’m glad my family doesn’t live there anymore, and it’s hard for me to say that but I’m glad,” she says, growing visibly upset.

Baumann says engineering can only do so much against Mother Nature; pumps and levees may not be the best protection in the future. Bigger floods, like last year’s may happen more often as global temperatures rise and air can hold more moisture. To her town, and Louisiana. Baumann says, change is coming.

“We’re not alone. West Virginia had floods, Carolinas had floods, Missouri had floods, Alaska, Tennessee. Texas has flooded,” she says. “We’re not alone, and it’s gonna keep happening.”